Lynn vs Wayne State (Neb.) (8/24/2018)

 

Volleyball Box Score

 
Volleyball Box Score
2018 Wayne State Volleyball
Lynn vs Wayne State (Neb.)
(8/24/2018 at Daytona Beach, Fla.)

   Lynn      ATTACK  SET  SERVE  SRV  DEF  BLOCK  GEN    
##  Player  SP  K  E  TA  PCT  A  SA  SE  RE  DIG  BS  BA  BE  BHE  Points 
1   Marcella De Vuono   3  3  2  6  .167  0  0  0  0  0  0  2  1  0  4.0 
4   Marine Kinna   3  4  5  20  -.050  1  0  1  3  9  0  0  0  0  4.0 
7   Sonja Udovcic   3  8  3  26  .192  1  1  1  1  11  0  0  0  0  9.0 
10  Isadora Nicolai   3  2  0  5  .400  28  0  1  0  8  0  2  0  2  3.0 
12  Rafaela Fonseca   3  8  5  34  .088  0  1  1  1  6  0  0  0  0  9.0 
17  Lauren Odom   3  6  0  8  .750  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  6.0 
2   Anja Vavan   2  0  0  0  .000  1  1  1  1  3  0  0  0  0  1.0 
3   Siena Kelley   3  0  0  0  .000  0  0  1  0  1  0  0  0  0  0.0 
6   Bridgette O'Connor   2  3  1  11  .182  0  0  0  0  3  0  0  0  0  3.0 
15  Ashley Cushman   1  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0.0 
   TEAM                           2                      
  Totals  3  34  16  110  .164  31  3  6  8  41  0  4  2  2  39.0 
  
  TOTAL TEAM BLOCKS: 2.0
TEAM ATTACK BY SET 
Set  K  E  TA  Pct  Sideout  Pct 
1  11  6  42  .119  11-24   45% 
2  9  5  25  .160  10-25   40% 
3  14  5  43  .209  12-24   50% 
          33-73   45% 
   
SET SCORES  1  2  3     TEAM RECORDS 
Lynn   (0)  17  13  21     1-1  
Wayne State (Neb.)   (3)  25  25  25     2-0  

   Wayne State (Neb.)      ATTACK  SET  SERVE  SRV  DEF  BLOCK  GEN    
##  Player  SP  K  E  TA  PCT  A  SA  SE  RE  DIG  BS  BA  BE  BHE  Points 
3   Ballenger, Alyssa   3  11  1  25  .400  0  1  1  1  3  0  2  0  0  13.0 
4   Beller, Tarrin   3  9  2  15  .467  0  0  0  0  2  0  1  0  0  9.5 
6   Gebhardt, Megan   3  4  0  7  .571  33  0  1  0  9  0  0  0  1  4.0 
7   Brahmer, Jaci   3  9  1  21  .381  0  0  0  0  0  0  2  1  0  10.0 
12  Knobbe, Maddie   3  4  1  9  .333  0  0  0  0  0  1  1  1  0  5.5 
15  Stephens, Katie   3  5  3  16  .125  0  1  1  2  10  0  0  0  0  6.0 
1   Kauth, Haley   3  0  0  0  .000  4  4  0  0  16  0  0  0  0  4.0 
8   Carter, Hope   3  0  0  1  .000  1  0  0  0  6  0  0  0  0  0.0 
9   Alexander, Morgan   3  0  0  0  .000  0  0  2  0  5  0  0  0  0  0.0 
16  Duffy, Maddie   3  0  0  0  .000  0  2  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  2.0 
  Totals  3  42  8  94  .362  38  8  5  3  52  1  6  2  1  54.0 
  
  TOTAL TEAM BLOCKS: 4.0
TEAM ATTACK BY SET 
Set  K  E  TA  Pct  Sideout  Pct 
1  14  3  36  .306  12-18   66% 
2  14  0  21  .667  10-13   76% 
3  14  5  37  .243  13-22   59% 
          35-53   66% 
    Site: Daytona Beach, Fla. (ICI Center)
Date: 8/24/2018 Attend: Time: 1:19
Referees: Alexander Molina, Joao Santasofia
   1  2  3  Total 
Tie scores  0  3  10  13 
Lead changes  0  1  4  5 

 

Volleyball Detailed Stats

 
Volleyball Detailed Stats
2018 Wayne State Volleyball
Lynn vs Wayne State (Neb.)
(8/24/2018 at Daytona Beach, Fla.)

   Lynn      ATTACK  ASSIST  SERVE     BLOCKING  RECEPT    
##  Player  SP  K  E  TA  PCT  A  E  TA  Pct  SA  SE  TA  Pct  Dig  BHE  BS  BA  BE  0  RE  Pct  Points 
1   Marcella De Vuono   3  3  2  6  .167  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  2  1  0  0  .000  4.0 
4   Marine Kinna   3  4  5  20  -.050  1  0  14  .071  0  1  9  .889  9  0  0  0  0  14  3  .824  4.0 
7   Sonja Udovcic   3  8  3  26  .192  1  0  18  .056  1  1  7  .857  11  0  0  0  0  12  1  .923  9.0 
10  Isadora Nicolai   3  2  0  5  .400  28  1  34  .824  0  1  8  .875  8  2  0  2  0  0  0  .000  3.0 
12  Rafaela Fonseca   3  8  5  34  .088  0  0  16  .000  1  1  10  .900  6  0  0  0  0  28  1  .966  9.0 
17  Lauren Odom   3  6  0  8  .750  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  .000  6.0 
2   Anja Vavan   2  0  0  0  .000  1  0  7  .143  1  1  7  .857  3  0  0  0  0  6  1  .857  1.0 
3   Siena Kelley   3  0  0  0  .000  0  0  1  .000  0  1  8  .875  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  .000  0.0 
6   Bridgette O'Connor   2  3  1  11  .182  0  0  1  .000  0  0  3  1.000  3  0  0  0  0  0  0  .000  3.0 
15  Ashley Cushman   1  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  .000  0  0  1  1.000  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  .000  0.0 
TM  TEAM   2  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  0  0  0  2  .000  0.0 
  Totals.........  3  34  16  110  .164  31  1  91  .341  3  6  53  .887  41  2  0  4  2  60  8  .882  39.0 
  
  TOTAL TEAM BLOCKS: 2.0
TEAM ATTACK BY SET 
Set  K  E  TA  Pct  Sideout  Pct 
1  11  6  42  .119  11-24   45% 
2  9  5  25  .160  10-25   40% 
3  14  5  43  .209  12-24   50% 
          33-73   45% 
   
SET SCORES  1  2  3     TEAM RECORDS 
Lynn   (0)  17  13  21     1-1  
Wayne State (Neb.)   (3)  25  25  25     2-0  

   Wayne State (Neb.)      ATTACK  ASSIST  SERVE     BLOCKING  RECEPT    
##  Player  SP  K  E  TA  PCT  A  E  TA  Pct  SA  SE  TA  Pct  Dig  BHE  BS  BA  BE  0  RE  Pct  Points 
3   Ballenger, Alyssa   3  11  1  25  .400  0  0  3  .000  1  1  10  .900  3  0  0  2  0  2  1  .667  13.0 
4   Beller, Tarrin   3  9  2  15  .467  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  .000  2  0  0  1  0  0  0  .000  9.5 
6   Gebhardt, Megan   3  4  0  7  .571  33  0  39  .846  0  1  10  .900  9  1  0  0  0  0  0  .000  4.0 
7   Brahmer, Jaci   3  9  1  21  .381  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  2  1  0  0  .000  10.0 
12  Knobbe, Maddie   3  4  1  9  .333  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  .000  0  0  1  1  1  1  0  1.000  5.5 
15  Stephens, Katie   3  5  3  16  .125  0  0  9  .000  1  1  13  .923  10  0  0  0  0  16  2  .889  6.0 
1   Kauth, Haley   3  0  0  0  .000  4  0  21  .190  4  0  13  1.000  16  0  0  0  0  17  0  1.000  4.0 
8   Carter, Hope   3  0  0  1  .000  1  0  7  .143  0  0  0  .000  6  0  0  0  0  4  0  1.000  0.0 
9   Alexander, Morgan   3  0  0  0  .000  0  0  5  .000  0  2  11  .818  5  0  0  0  0  4  0  1.000  0.0 
16  Duffy, Maddie   3  0  0  0  .000  0  0  0  .000  2  0  16  1.000  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  .000  2.0 
  Totals.........  3  42  8  94  .362  38  0  84  .452  8  5  73  .932  52  1  1  6  2  44  3  .936  54.0 
  
  TOTAL TEAM BLOCKS: 4.0
TEAM ATTACK BY SET 
Set  K  E  TA  Pct  Sideout  Pct 
1  14  3  36  .306  12-18   66% 
2  14  0  21  .667  10-13   76% 
3  14  5  37  .243  13-22   59% 
          35-53   66% 
    Site: Daytona Beach, Fla. (ICI Center)
Date: 8/24/2018 Attend: Time: 1:19
Referees: Alexander Molina, Joao Santasofia

   1  2  3  Total 
Tie scores  0  3  10  13 
Lead changes  0  1  4  5 

 

Short Box Score

 
Short Box Score (Match)
2018 Wayne State Volleyball
Lynn vs Wayne State (Neb.)
(8/24/2018 at Daytona Beach, Fla.) 

Wayne State (Neb.) def. Lynn 25-17,25-13,25-21

Lynn (1-1) (Kills-aces-blocks) - Sonja Udovcic 8-1-0; Rafaela
Fonseca 8-1-0; Lauren Odom 6-0-0; Marine Kinna 4-0-0; Bridgette
O'Connor 3-0-0; Marcella De Vuono 3-0-2; Isadora Nicolai 2-0-2; Anja
Vavan 0-1-0; Totals 34-3-2.0. (Assists) - Isadora Nicolai 28. (Dig
leaders) - Sonja Udovcic 11; Marine Kinna 9; Isadora Nicolai 8

Wayne State (Neb.) (2-0) (Kills-aces-blocks) - Ballenger,
Alyssa 11-1-2; Beller, Tarrin 9-0-1; Brahmer, Jaci 9-0-2; Stephens,
Katie 5-1-0; Gebhardt, Megan 4-0-0; Knobbe, Maddie 4-0-2; Duffy,
Maddie 0-2-0; Kauth, Haley 0-4-0; Totals 42-8-4.0. (Assists) -
Gebhardt, Megan 33. (Dig leaders) - Kauth, Haley 16; Stephens, Katie
10; Gebhardt, Megan 9

Site: Daytona Beach, Fla. (ICI Center)


Date: 8/24/2018      Attend:     Time: 1:19


Referees: Alexander Molina, Joao Santasofia

 

Play-by-Play Summary

 
Play-by-Play Summary
2018 Wayne State Volleyball
Lynn vs Wayne State (Neb.)
(8/24/2018 at Daytona Beach, Fla.)

1st Set

For WSC: Ballenger, Alyssa; Beller, Tarrin; Gebhardt, Megan; Brahmer, Jaci; Knobbe, Maddie; Stephens, Katie.
For LYNN: Marcella De Vuono; Marine Kinna; Sonja Udovcic; Isadora Nicolai; Rafaela Fonseca; Lauren Odom.
1-0Point WSC - (Ashley Cushman) Ball handling error by Isadora Nicolai.so
2-0Point WSC - (Stephens, Katie) Kill by Beller, Tarrin (from Gebhardt, Megan).
3-0Point WSC - (Stephens, Katie) Attack error by Marine Kinna (block by Knobbe, Maddie).
4-0Point WSC - (Stephens, Katie) Kill by Ballenger, Alyssa (from Gebhardt, Megan).
4-1Point LYNN - (Stephens, Katie) Kill by Marine Kinna (from Isadora Nicolai).so
4-2Point LYNN - (Anja Vavan) Service ace (Stephens, Katie).
5-2Point WSC - (Anja Vavan) Kill by Knobbe, Maddie (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
6-2Point WSC - (Duffy, Maddie) Attack error by Marine Kinna.
6-3Point LYNN - (Duffy, Maddie) Kill by Marcella De Vuono (from Isadora Nicolai), block error by Brahmer, Jaci.so
6-4Point LYNN - (Rafaela Fonseca) Service ace (Stephens, Katie).
7-4Point WSC - (Rafaela Fonseca) Kill by Brahmer, Jaci (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
8-4Point WSC - (Alexander, Morgan) Kill by Ballenger, Alyssa.
Timeout Lynn.
8-5Point LYNN - (Alexander, Morgan) Service error.so
9-5Point WSC - (Marine Kinna) Service error.so
9-6Point LYNN - (Ballenger, Alyssa) Kill by Isadora Nicolai (from Marine Kinna).so
10-6Point WSC - (Siena Kelley) Attack error by Rafaela Fonseca.so
11-6Point WSC - (Kauth, Haley) Service ace (TEAM).
11-7Point LYNN - (Kauth, Haley) Kill by Sonja Udovcic (from Isadora Nicolai).so
12-7Point WSC - (Isadora Nicolai) Kill by Beller, Tarrin (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
13-7Point WSC - (Gebhardt, Megan) Kill by Beller, Tarrin (from Gebhardt, Megan).
14-7Point WSC - (Gebhardt, Megan) Ball handling error by Isadora Nicolai.
15-7Point WSC - (Gebhardt, Megan) Attack error by Rafaela Fonseca.
15-8Point LYNN - (Gebhardt, Megan) Kill by Sonja Udovcic (from Isadora Nicolai).so
16-8Point WSC - (Sonja Udovcic) Kill by Beller, Tarrin (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
16-9Point LYNN - (Stephens, Katie) Attack error by Knobbe, Maddie.so
16-10Point LYNN - (Anja Vavan) Attack error by Beller, Tarrin.
16-11Point LYNN - (Anja Vavan) Kill by Marine Kinna (from Isadora Nicolai).
17-11Point WSC - (Anja Vavan) Kill by Gebhardt, Megan (from Kauth, Haley).so
17-12Point LYNN - (Duffy, Maddie) Kill by Rafaela Fonseca (from Isadora Nicolai).so
17-13Point LYNN - (Rafaela Fonseca) Kill by Marine Kinna (from Isadora Nicolai).
18-13Point WSC - (Rafaela Fonseca) Kill by Ballenger, Alyssa (from Kauth, Haley).so
19-13Point WSC - (Alexander, Morgan) Attack error by Marine Kinna.
19-14Point LYNN - (Alexander, Morgan) Attack error by Ballenger, Alyssa (block by Marcella De Vuono; Isadora Nicolai).so
19-15Point LYNN - (Marine Kinna) Kill by Marcella De Vuono.
20-15Point WSC - (Marine Kinna) Kill by Gebhardt, Megan (from Kauth, Haley).so
21-15Point WSC - (Ballenger, Alyssa) Kill by Stephens, Katie (from Gebhardt, Megan).
22-15Point WSC - (Ballenger, Alyssa) Service ace (Marine Kinna).
23-15Point WSC - (Ballenger, Alyssa) Attack error by Sonja Udovcic.
23-16Point LYNN - (Ballenger, Alyssa) Kill by Sonja Udovcic (from Isadora Nicolai).so
24-16Point WSC - (Siena Kelley) Kill by Stephens, Katie (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
24-17Point LYNN - (Kauth, Haley) Kill by Lauren Odom (from Isadora Nicolai).so
25-17Point WSC - (Isadora Nicolai) Kill by Beller, Tarrin (from Gebhardt, Megan).so

2nd Set

0-1Point LYNN - (Gebhardt, Megan) Kill by Lauren Odom (from Isadora Nicolai).so
0-2Point LYNN - (Sonja Udovcic) Service ace (Ballenger, Alyssa).
1-2Point WSC - (Sonja Udovcic) Kill by Beller, Tarrin (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
2-2Point WSC - (Stephens, Katie) Attack error by Marine Kinna (block by Beller, Tarrin; Knobbe, Maddie).
2-3Point LYNN - (Stephens, Katie) Kill by Isadora Nicolai (from Anja Vavan), block error by Knobbe, Maddie.so
3-3Point WSC - (Anja Vavan) Kill by Ballenger, Alyssa (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
4-3Point WSC - (Duffy, Maddie) Kill by Ballenger, Alyssa.
4-4Point LYNN - (Duffy, Maddie) Kill by Marine Kinna (from Isadora Nicolai).so
5-4Point WSC - (Rafaela Fonseca) Kill by Ballenger, Alyssa (from Gebhardt, Megan), block error by Marcella De Vuono.so
6-4Point WSC - (Alexander, Morgan) Kill by Ballenger, Alyssa (from Gebhardt, Megan).
7-4Point WSC - (Alexander, Morgan) Kill by Brahmer, Jaci.
7-5Point LYNN - (Alexander, Morgan) Kill by Marcella De Vuono (from Isadora Nicolai).so
8-5Point WSC - (Marine Kinna) Kill by Ballenger, Alyssa (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
9-5Point WSC - (Ballenger, Alyssa) Kill by Brahmer, Jaci (from Gebhardt, Megan).
9-6Point LYNN - (Ballenger, Alyssa) Service error.so
10-6Point WSC - (Siena Kelley) Kill by Brahmer, Jaci (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
11-6Point WSC - (Kauth, Haley) Service ace (Marine Kinna).
11-7Point LYNN - (Kauth, Haley) Kill by Sonja Udovcic (from Isadora Nicolai).so
11-8Point LYNN - (Isadora Nicolai) Kill by Sonja Udovcic (from Isadora Nicolai).
12-8Point WSC - (Isadora Nicolai) Service error.so
13-8Point WSC - (Gebhardt, Megan) Attack error by Rafaela Fonseca.
14-8Point WSC - (Gebhardt, Megan) Kill by Knobbe, Maddie (from Gebhardt, Megan).
14-9Point LYNN - (Gebhardt, Megan) Service error.so
15-9Point WSC - (Sonja Udovcic) Service error.so
16-9Point WSC - (Stephens, Katie) Service ace (Anja Vavan).
16-10Point LYNN - (Stephens, Katie) Service error.so
17-10Point WSC - (Anja Vavan) Service error.so
18-10Point WSC - (Duffy, Maddie) Kill by Brahmer, Jaci (from Gebhardt, Megan).
19-10Point WSC - (Duffy, Maddie) Kill by Knobbe, Maddie (from Gebhardt, Megan).
Timeout Lynn.
20-10Point WSC - (Duffy, Maddie) Attack error by Rafaela Fonseca (block by Ballenger, Alyssa; Brahmer, Jaci).
21-10Point WSC - (Duffy, Maddie) Bad set by Isadora Nicolai.
22-10Point WSC - (Duffy, Maddie) Attack error by Marine Kinna.
22-11Point LYNN - (Duffy, Maddie) Kill by Rafaela Fonseca (from Isadora Nicolai).so
22-12Point LYNN - (Rafaela Fonseca) Kill by Bridgette O'Connor (from Sonja Udovcic).
23-12Point WSC - (Rafaela Fonseca) Kill by Knobbe, Maddie (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
24-12Point WSC - (Alexander, Morgan) Attack error by Marcella De Vuono (block by Ballenger, Alyssa; Brahmer, Jaci).
24-13Point LYNN - (Alexander, Morgan) Kill by Bridgette O'Connor.so
25-13Point WSC - (Bridgette O'Connor) Kill by Ballenger, Alyssa (from Gebhardt, Megan).so

3rd Set

1-0Point WSC - (Rafaela Fonseca) Attack error by Sonja Udovcic.so
1-1Point LYNN - (Stephens, Katie) Kill by Bridgette O'Connor.so
2-1Point WSC - (Siena Kelley) Kill by Beller, Tarrin (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
3-1Point WSC - (Duffy, Maddie) Kill by Brahmer, Jaci.
3-2Point LYNN - (Duffy, Maddie) Kill by Lauren Odom (from Isadora Nicolai).so
3-3Point LYNN - (Isadora Nicolai) Kill by Sonja Udovcic (from Isadora Nicolai).
4-3Point WSC - (Isadora Nicolai) Kill by Brahmer, Jaci (from Gebhardt, Megan), block error by Lauren Odom.so
4-4Point LYNN - (Alexander, Morgan) Service error.so
5-4Point WSC - (Sonja Udovcic) Kill by Brahmer, Jaci (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
6-4Point WSC - (Ballenger, Alyssa) Kill by Gebhardt, Megan (from Kauth, Haley).
6-5Point LYNN - (Ballenger, Alyssa) Kill by Rafaela Fonseca (from Isadora Nicolai).so
6-6Point LYNN - (Marine Kinna) Attack error by Stephens, Katie.
6-7Point LYNN - (Marine Kinna) Kill by Rafaela Fonseca (from Isadora Nicolai).
6-8Point LYNN - (Marine Kinna) Attack error by Brahmer, Jaci.
7-8Point WSC - (Marine Kinna) Kill by Stephens, Katie (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
8-8Point WSC - (Kauth, Haley) Service ace (TEAM).
9-8Point WSC - (Kauth, Haley) Service ace (Sonja Udovcic).
9-9Point LYNN - (Kauth, Haley) Attack error by Beller, Tarrin.so
10-9Point WSC - (Bridgette O'Connor) Kill by Beller, Tarrin (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
10-10Point LYNN - (Gebhardt, Megan) Kill by Rafaela Fonseca (from Isadora Nicolai).so
11-10Point WSC - (Rafaela Fonseca) Service error.so
11-11Point LYNN - (Stephens, Katie) Kill by Sonja Udovcic (from Isadora Nicolai).so
11-12Point LYNN - (Siena Kelley) Kill by Lauren Odom (from Isadora Nicolai).
11-13Point LYNN - (Siena Kelley) Kill by Sonja Udovcic (from Isadora Nicolai).
11-14Point LYNN - (Siena Kelley) Kill by Rafaela Fonseca (from Isadora Nicolai).
Timeout Wayne State (Neb.).
12-14Point WSC - (Siena Kelley) Service error.so
13-14Point WSC - (Duffy, Maddie) Service ace (Rafaela Fonseca).
14-14Point WSC - (Duffy, Maddie) Service ace (Marine Kinna).
14-15Point LYNN - (Duffy, Maddie) Kill by Lauren Odom (from Isadora Nicolai).so
14-16Point LYNN - (Isadora Nicolai) Kill by Rafaela Fonseca (from Isadora Nicolai).
15-16Point WSC - (Isadora Nicolai) Kill by Ballenger, Alyssa (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
15-17Point LYNN - (Alexander, Morgan) Kill by Lauren Odom (from Isadora Nicolai).so
15-18Point LYNN - (Sonja Udovcic) Kill by Rafaela Fonseca (from Isadora Nicolai).
16-18Point WSC - (Sonja Udovcic) Kill by Ballenger, Alyssa (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
16-19Point LYNN - (Ballenger, Alyssa) Ball handling error by Gebhardt, Megan.so
17-19Point WSC - (Marine Kinna) Kill by Brahmer, Jaci (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
18-19Point WSC - (Kauth, Haley) Attack error by Rafaela Fonseca.
19-19Point WSC - (Kauth, Haley) Attack error by Bridgette O'Connor.
Timeout Lynn.
Timeout Lynn.
20-19Point WSC - (Kauth, Haley) Kill by Stephens, Katie (from Gebhardt, Megan).
21-19Point WSC - (Kauth, Haley) Kill by Beller, Tarrin (from Gebhardt, Megan).
21-20Point LYNN - (Kauth, Haley) Attack error by Stephens, Katie.so
22-20Point WSC - (Bridgette O'Connor) Kill by Gebhardt, Megan (from Carter, Hope).so
22-21Point LYNN - (Gebhardt, Megan) Attack error by Stephens, Katie (block by Marcella De Vuono; Isadora Nicolai).so
23-21Point WSC - (Rafaela Fonseca) Kill by Stephens, Katie (from Gebhardt, Megan).so
24-21Point WSC - (Stephens, Katie) Attack error by Sonja Udovcic.
25-21Point WSC - (Stephens, Katie) Attack error by Marcella De Vuono.